A comparative assessment of the adaptive response of the photosynthetic apparatus and water regime in 6 evergreen tree and shrub plant species to the effect of abiotic factors and their strategies in supporting optimal water balance in accordance with environmental conditions was carried out. Parameters of photosynthesis light response curves under conditions of full sunlight and moderate shading were determined. It is shown that due to the low plasticity to changes in the light regime Arbutus andrachne L. may have a significant lack of light in strong shading. Important adaptive features of Laurus nobilis L., Aucuba japónica Thunb. and Viburnum tinus L. is the ability of the photosynthetic apparatus to effectively use low light and maintain a positive carbon balance in conditions of strong shading. Three types of plant response to water deficit have been identified. Drought- resistant type of water balance regulation by closing stomata is characteristic of Nerium oleander L. and Laurus nobilis. In Aucuba japónica and Prunus laurocerasus L. a reaction aimed at preserving the water balance in the plant by maintaining a high level of transpiration has been identified. The third type of plant response to water deficit which combines both types of reaction provides high adaptive ability to drought Viburnum tinus and Arbutus andrachne. Drought tolerance of Arbutus andrachne was the highest among the studied species.

For the first time for relic phytocenosis with the participation of Arbutus andrachne L. in Abkhazia, data are provided for the geobotanical characteristics of communities, structure, number, assessment of condition and spatial placement, generative sphere of individuals of all known cenopopulations, as well as considered possible pathways of prokhoresis and modem range of species in Abkhazia, assessing its environmental status.

A characteristic feature of the spatial structure of Crimean pine understory (Pinus pallasicma D. Don) coenopopulations is the uneven density of population fields, which has a fairly strong influence on the plants growth and development. As a rule, on the understory biogroup periphery there are individuals noticeably lagging in growth. With a significant density of plants and a high level of intraspecific competition in the biogroup center, the opposite effect is observed by the researchers. So far, there is no explanation for the mechanism of such differentiation of plants confined to different, sometimes diametrically opposite environmental conditions. Therefore we studied the anatomical and morphological structure of plants confined to diffuse competition zones, as well as non-closed canopy cultures of Crimean pine with low capacity for survival. The results of microscopic studies allowed us to discover deformed vascular tissues of the understory confined to the diffuse competition zones of existing cenopopulations. In each case, the level of vascular tissues deformation will depend on the features of cenopopulations mutual influence, the autoregulation of its structure in accordance with the capacity of the ecological niche.

The review article analyzes the literature and own data on the possible causes of the formation of abnormal pollen grains in flowering plants and methods for assessing the quality of pollen. Classification of anomalies of developing pollen grains is given. The terminology used is discussed.

Известно, что климат и геохимические особенности места произрастания значительно влияют на элементный состав и антиоксидантную активность растений. Проведена сравнительная оценка антиоксидантной активности статуса и содержания антиоксидантов и минералов в садовых ирисах, выращенных в двух контрастных зонах (Московская область и Никитский ботанический сад). При сравнительно сходных уровнях накопления полифенолов в корневищах, листьях и лепестках растения Южного берега Крыма отличались существенно более высокой антиоксидантной активностью лепестков. По сравнению с садовыми ирисами Iris pseudacorus характеризовался существенно более высокими уровнями АОА в корневищах. Анализ элементного состава корневищ выявил более мощную нагрузку минералами в условиях Южного берега Крыма при наибольших различиях в коэффициенте вариации для Fe у ирисов Никитского ботанического Сада (CV 49,3%) и Zn у ирисов Московской области (CV 44,1%). Выявлена отрицательная корреляция между АОА корневищ, листьев и лепестков и содержанием Си в корневищах ирисов Северного региона и между содержание полифенолов и цинка листьев ирисов Московской области.

Changes in the polyphenoloxidase activity in the leaves of four cultivars and one subspecies of Olea europaea L. were studied during the cold periods of 2016-2019 years on the Southern Coast of the Crimea. Nikitskaya cultivar was used as a model of high frost resistance, while Correggiolo cultivar and the subspecies O. europaea subsp. cuspidata were models of low frost resistance. It was found out that the polyphenoloxidase activity depends on weather conditions during a particular cold period and it almost independent of the degree of frost resistance of the studied genotypes.

The results of the studies of proline content, peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase activity and chlorophyll fluorescence induction (ChFI) parameters in leaves of Ficus species and cultivars under controlled dehydration conditions are presented. It was shown that the ChFI parameters, the most sensitive to the lack of water availability, are the characteristics of the chlorophyll fluorescence fast phase. Proline content, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity can be used to addition diagnose of drought resistance of the plants of the genus Ficus. The cultivars Sabrutsiya Rozovaya, Sary Stambulskij and the species F. palmata are relatively drought tolerant.

The article presents data on the content and component composition of essential oil in the aerial mass of a valuable essential oil crop - Shrub Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. nankinensis (Lour.) Britton), which grows in anthropogenic and natural phytocenoses in the Republic of Abkhazia and it is grown in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens (the Southern Coast of the Crimea). It was revealed that in the aerial mass of the railing contains from 0.24 to 0.68% of essential oil. The prevalence of perillacetone essential oil (with a relative mass fraction of 39.09-47.79%) and isoegomaketone (40.65-52.40%) in the component composition allows us to attribute the studied samples to isoegomaketone-perillaketone and perilloketone- isoegomaketone chemotypes. Egomaketone (as a precursor in the biosynthesis of perillaketone and isegomaketone), f-karyofellen and a-farnesene are present in small amounts. The results obtained characterize Perilla frutescens var. nankinensis, growing on the territory of the Republic of Abkhazia, as a source of valuable pharmacological essential oils.

The results of temperature influence on the regeneration of microshoots and the level of phenolic compounds in microshoots of two rare plant species under in vitro conditions are presented. It is shown that the maximum growth of the main and the formation of adventitious shoots, leaves occurred at a temperature of 21- 23°C. Reconnaissance experiments on the biochemical study of organs and tissues of the studied species were conducted. It was found that the leaves contain high concentrations of phenolic substances and are characterized by a wide variety of components. It is shown that as the temperature increased, the content of the sum of phenolic substances increased, which negatively affected the morphogenetic potential of the studied species.

In vitro culture conditions were optimized for representatives of the genus Amelanchier Medik. at the stages of micropropagation and rooting. A significant effect of the mineral and hormonal compositions of culture media on the morphogenetic potential of the cultivars of serviceberry has been established. The use at the stage of micropropagation of the MS culture medium with addition 1,0 mg / L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) promoted the active microshoot regeneration of the studied genotypes. For the induction of rhizogenesis the type of auxin as IB A at a concentration of 1,0 mg / L was used.

One of the important stages for the propagation of the rare endangered fern Osmunda regalis L. through spores is the regeneration of sporophytes from gametophytes at in vitro culture. The article shows that the effective formation of O. regalis sporophytes occurred earlier (after 60 days) and in a larger percentage (51.6%) on a culture medium with a lower salt content % MS, and the exclusion of ammonium nitrate and vitamins from the medium is significantly enhanced the growth of sporophytes, compared with other variants of media and control.

The stability of fruiting of fruit crops is highly dependent on exposure to natural environmental factors, primarily climate. For fruit crops (especially stone fruit) most destructive were negative air temperatures in winter and spring, which was revealed with the execution of this research. With the aim of developing a new approach to stabilization of production process of fruit crops in conditions of climate fluctuations assessment of plant adaptation of two peach cultivars (Golden Jubilee and the Veteran) in different ecological zones of horticulture (the Kuban and the Western foothills of the Krasnodar territory) for two long periods - 1985-2000 and 2001-2020), covering climate change. The new approach provides for the evaluation of plant production process of the studied cultivars on the manifestation of their adaptation to low temperatures in the winter-spring period in the particular phases of ontogenesis, with the consideration of the fluctuations of climate. The matrix of flower buds stability of the studied peach cultivars was worked out for each phase of winter-spring development. The probability of occurrence of stressful temperatures that destroy their crops over two long periods of years, taking into account climate change, was established. The most vulnerable periods of onset of temperature stress for peach cultivars in various areas of horticulture were identified. It shows the change in the ranks of their adaptation to the destructive temperatures of the winter-spring period (in time and space). Suggestions are given for adjusting the rational placement of peach cultivars, taking into account the success of the production process. The algorithm of a new approach to the stabilization of the production process of cultivars of fruit crops is presented.

The article shows the relationship of the yield of four promising forms of peach with its most limiting factors. The equations of multiple regression are also presented, which allow us to predict the yield of the studied forms. In form Veteran free pollination the coefficient of multiple regression was R = 0.95, the coefficient of multiple determination was R2 = 0.90; in the hybrid form Zlatogor x Uspar-1 80-367, respectively, 0.99 and 0.98; in the form Lauréat x Zlatogor 73-3 - 0.96 and 0.92; the form (Podarok Kryma free pollination x Tovarishch) 85-104 - 0.98 and 0.96. These coefficients show the degree of dependence between productivity and factors included in the study. Selected hybrid forms should be used in breeding for adaptability to improve the existing assortment of peach. The hybrid form Veteran free pollination was transferred to the State Commission of the Russian Federation, as a cultivar Sarabuz, which is of interest for breeding and production as a promising table cultivar with fruits of medium ripening time.

There were conducted the studies of the water regime of the leaves of 6 apricot cultivars of various origin in connection with the ability to adapt to moisture deficit during the periods of the greatest summer drought manifestation on the Southern Coast of the Crimea. The genotypes with the highest adaptive potential under conditions of hydrothermal stress were identified (possessing the best water-holding characteristics combined with a high degree of repair after critical dehydration) - 'Nagycorosi Orias', 'Kazachok', 'Professor Smykov'. 'Hurmai' cultivar demonstrates labile resistance. 'Crimskiy Amur' and 'Alupkinskiy' display instability of water regime indicators as well as a relatively low ability to tolerate extremely high temperatures and lack of moisture.

The aim of the research was to study introduced cultivars of raspberries on economic and biological characteristics and selection of adapted to the conditions of the Crimea, high-yielding, winter-hardy, disease- resistant cultivars with high taste and commercial qualities of berries. The article presents the results of a study of seven raspberry cultivars (Glen Ample, Cowichan, Laszka, Marianuska, Perseya, Polka, Phenomen) for agronomic characteristics: yield, disease resistance, average weight, quality and biochemical composition of berries. Control - Balsam cultivar, recognized in the Crimea. The data obtained allowed to distinguish the following cultivars: on the basis of large fruit size (3.0-4.0 g) Phenomen, Laszka, Glen Ample, Marianuska, Cowichan; high yield (0.322 - 0.393 kg/shoot) Laszka, Marianuska, Perseya; good taste of fruits (4.5 - 4.9 points) Cowichan, Marianuska, Perseya, Polka; high content of ascorbic acid (47.6 - 61.7 mg/100g) Glen Ample, Marianuska, Perseya; the high content of soluble solids (15.3 - 17.7%) Laszka, Marianuska, Polka, Phenomen, Cowichan. Over the years of research, all raspberry plants had a healthy appearance; chemical treatments on the experimental site were not used. The introduction of promising cultivars of raspberries will significantly improve the assortment of culture in the Crimea, increase the production of berry products. The best cultivars chosen for valuable characters can be used in breeding.

Results of introduced research of three beautiful-blossoming species of Lysimachia L. genus: L. clethroides Duby, L. punctata L L. ciliata L. are presented. Researches are conducted in the South Ural botanical garden-institute of UFRC RAS on the basis of a collection of shade-loving beautiful-blossoming and foliage plants in the following parameters: to a seasonal rhythm of development, biomorphological parameters, success of an introduction. Duration of blossoming of the studied species averages three weeks, except L. ciliata which blossoms more than a month. The studied species of Lysimachia under the conditions of Ufa do not form seeds, however actively breed in the vegetative way through formation of rhizomes. The studied species have high resistance to local climatic conditions, regularly and in large quantities blossom, well expand. Species of Lysimachia are perspective for culture and reproduction. They can be recommended for introduction in practice of gardening.

The article provides information about some biological features of the rare species Iris aphylla L., listed in a number of regional Red books. Ten-year-old plants, introduced into the South-Ural Botanical Garden- Institute of Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS, were studied. Phenological features of the species, indicators of seed productivity and morphometric parameters of cultivars were studied. The assessment of decorative qualities and success of introduction of I. aphylla is carried out. It was revealed that the seed-grown species of I. aphylla in the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Urals passes the full cycle of development. According to the terms of flowering, the introduced species is referred to the group of early-flowering irises. Seed productivity is estimated as average. According to the assessment of the decorative qualities I. aphylla is referred to medium decorative plants. The early and fairly long flowering has been noted, as well as the presence of several buds on the shoot. The success of the introduction was six points, that is, the introduced species regularly mass flowering, bears fruit, reproduces vegetative, has a high resistance to local climatic conditions. I. aphylla is recommended to replenish the zonal assortment of cultivated plants of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

For the first time, a comparative analysis of organogenesis in Hosta species - H. decorate, H. sieboldiana, and H. lancifolia in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia was performed. It was found that the intrarenal formation of generative organs in these species is laid during the growth of monocarpic shoot in May- June. Differentiation of the growth cone of the renewal shoot occurs synchronously from stages III to VIII of organogenesis for 56-91 days. In the early-flowering species H. decorate, the organ-forming process occurs 25 - 27 days faster than in the late-flowering H. lancifolia. Generative organs in the rudimentary inflorescence are formed acropetally. Stages of organogenesis from IX to XII correspond to phenophases from the beginning of flowering to fruiting. In the pre-winter period, the cone of growth of the renewal shoot in all species is at the II stage of organogenesis, with 4 to 6 leaf metamers embedded in its basal part.

The article is devoted to the results of the introduction study of Dianthus andrzejowskianus (Zapal.) Kulcz. on the basis of the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS. Data on the ontogenesis of this species are provided. Three age periods (latent, pregenerative and generative) and 6 ontogenetic states (seedlings, juvenile, immature, virginal, young and middle-aged generative states) are described. Indicator signs of age-related conditions are: for seedlings - the presence of a thin germ root, two oval-shaped cotyledons; for juvenile individuals - the appearance of the first true leaves; for immature individuals - the transition of plants to sympodial growth and the growth of the root system. In the virginal state, the vegetative sphere increases, the plant acquires the features of adults. Young generative plants have few reproductive shoots. The middle-aged generative state is characterized by the most powerfully developed vegetative and reproductive spheres.