In the period of 1984-2014 our scientific school (by 2017 - 35 Candidates of Sciences and 12 Doctors of Sciences) evolved a new theory of an ecological - genetic implementation of quantitative traits. The theory is based on the discovery of a new epigenetic phenomenon - change of genes products under a quantitative trait when the limiting factor of the environment changes. It follows by the theory that there are 24 of priority issues and 10 know-how, which can eliminate some “tight spots” of the traditional breeding technologies of a yield gain. The methods of elimination of 16 “tight spots”, that are experimentally well-tried on many agricultural plants, are described in the paper and the perspective of new varieties in Breeding phytotron creation, in which it is quite possible to create any dynamics of limiting factors of the environment for typical years of any region of globe, is demonstrated.

The research results on the fruit cultures breeding in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens are given along the lines of partial plant genetics; identification of the consistent patterns in inheritance of some traits of cultural plants; definition of a genetic potential and allocation of the useful properties’ sources; creation of valuable traits’ donors on the mono- and polygenic basis; using the methods of a remote and intraspecific hybridization, the creation of new adaptive, high-yielding cultivars with the fruits of a high quality meeting the current requirements of intensive gardening; increase of yield, resistance to the negative environmental conditions and biogenic damaging factors, primarily fungal, bacterial and viral infections; a yield forecasting on the basis of the developed ontogenetic model, which determines the dependence of productivity on the selected characteristics of cultivars and the environmental factors in the process of a regression analysis.

The work is devoted to the study of compromise between the adaptive properties of fruit crops and the conditions of their cultivation (exemplified by Red-cheeked apricot) at geographical points of Krasnodar Territory during a long period of years (1944-2018). The temperature criteria for a frost resistance of flower buds in winter-spring period were determined according to the phases of development. The research base has been created to study the requirements of apricot as to temperature conditions, has been predicted the regularity of its fruiting, depending upon the reappeared with climate change temperature stresses in winter-spring period. The assessment of a variety response to the new environmental conditions in time and space in tabular and graphical forms is given. The areas of Krasnodar Territory of varying degrees of favorableness for the stable apricot fruiting in the conditions of a climate change were elucidated.

As a result of the breeding work at Krymsk Plant Breeding Station, that is FSFIS “Federal Research Center - All-Russian Institution of Plant Genetic Resources n.a. N. I. Vavilov” Branch, garden plum varieties have been developed, which are characterized by a high commodity, taste, canning and dried fruit qualities of fruits, which are combined with yield and resistance to adverse environmental conditions. These varieties include the early large-fruited variety Kubanskaya Rannyaya, high-quality varieties Kubanskaya Legenda, Golubaya Mechta, Bolshoy Priz, Ballada, Naslednitsa, winter-hardy, high-quality dried fruit varieties Beglyanka, Kubanskiy Karlik, Vengerka Novaya, et al. Valuable for use in breeding varieties with a high combining ability: Kabardinskaya Rannyaya, Stenley, SochinskayaYubileinaya, Vengerka Novaya were obtained. Interspecific tetraploid hybrids of garden plums and thorns were obtained, which are valuable for creating more advanced varieties of plums and other stone fruits.

The main goal of the research was to study influence of growing conditions for the planting apple trees on training of quality and storability of Golden Delicious fruits. As a result of the research, it was found that: the fruits, which were grown on dwarf rootstocks, were better preserved at minus 1 ° C, but the ones were grown on semi-dwarf rootstocks, were better preserved at a temperature of +2 ° C; the persistence of apples, which were grown without irrigation, did not depend on the type of rootstock, a significant difference is proved only between storability of the fruits, which were grown without irrigation and maintaining the soil moisture during the growing season of 80% PV; a soil content in the garden under the cultivation contributes to the formation of high-quality fruits, under a black fallow - improves their storability. The use of a controlled gas environment, which contains C02 -5%, 02-3%, N2- 92%, allows to mitigate the consequences of adverse weather conditions’ effects, various agricultural backgrounds, to extend the storage period for apple fruits and minimize their overall losses.

The results of gamma radiation effect on peach are presented. The effect of various doses, timing of exposure on the survival rate, frequency and spectrum of peach variability according to morphological, biological and biochemical characteristics are shown. Mutant forms with economically valuable traits were selected.

Increasing winter hardiness and frost resistance of cherry plum plants is more and more important due to climate change. Flower buds of cherry plum plants are damaged by recurrent frosts in the areas with an unstable winter. This leads to destruction of crops and trees. The goal of research was to evaluate 283 cherry plum hybrids to the effects of low temperatures in the steppe Crimea and to select promising genotypes. The research was guided by the known methods. 31 hybrids were selected, they showed the greatest resistance to negative temperatures in adverse years. Frost resistant hybrids with fruits of dessert taste (5), with separating stone (9), with late flowering (16) were selected. The greatest number of promising hybrids were obtained in combinations with the original varieties from cherry-plum hybrid with Taurian cherry-plum , typical cherry-plum between itself and cherry-plum hybrid with the typical cherry-plum.

Preservation and study of forest plant species diversity is one of the fundamental challenges of modern botany, genetics, and dendrology. Genetic structure determines variability and controls adaptation mechanisms, let every population adapt to the environmental conditions. The most topical issue is genetic study of valuable forest species to ensure their integrity, specific identification and control over a wood origin. One of such environmentally and economically important coniferous species in our country is larch ( Larix ). Currently, there is a problem to use azonal larch species for reforestation in Russia, particularly in the Russian Far East. In this regard, selection of genetic markers that let us detect differences between Dahurian larch and Siberian larch and their subspecies is a crucial and relevant task.

The analysis of the state and development trends of the plus forest stands (PFS), which are an important component of the country's seed-base, is presented. The criteria for their selection are evaluated and the directions for their unification are noted. The article focuses on the influence of on the need to intensify selection of new PFS, their preferred age and the obligatory to leave protective 100-meter stripes around the PFS during main and intermediate logging are indicated, the quantitative indicators of other criteria for the selection of PFS are specified.

A well-developed system of a seed production is the most important condition for efficiency increasing of a crop production. Seed growing is a branch of the agricultural science and agricultural production, that is aimed to provide the economy with high-quality seeds of cultivated crops. The research was carried out on the basis of the data from the reports of some branches of Russian Agricultural Center on the quality of sunflower seeds, which were sown by the agricultural producers of all forms of ownership for 2008-2018 harvest in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The goal of research is to study and analyze the current state of sowing and varietal qualities of sunflower, which was carried out to understand the problems and develop proposals for seed culture improving in the country, as well as facilitating the development of proposals for the regional seed production system improving. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that seed production of domestic varieties and hybrids of sunflower throughout the Russian Federation was not sufficiently developed, there were low rates of variety change and variety renewal, while the structure of the varietal composition of sunflower seeds sown, largely differed by the Federal Districts. Everywhere, except Central Federal District, and especially on the territory of Ural and Siberian Federal Districts, a significant proportion of the crops are occupied by off-grade sunflower seed. In the production, there is a high proportion of high-quality seeds of mass reproductions. In Central, North Caucasus, Southern, Volga Federal Districts, sowing is mainly conducted by seeds of foreign selection: the proportion of seed of foreign selection, which were imported from abroad, continues to increase, and at present, the country average foreign seed proportion is almost 50%. Despite the significant number of varieties and hybrids, which are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements, the varietal resource is not used efficiently enough. As for sowing qualities, the sowed seed is mostly substandard due to contamination, which indicates an insufficient financial and technical base of seed farms.

The modern level of technology development and seed market growth demand application of effective instrumental analytical methods of seeds’ quality, which differ from standard ones for a better informational content and safety of the analyzed seeds. In collaboration of the employees of Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Agro-physical Scientific Research Institute and St. Petersburg State Electro-technical University the extensive works on X-ray radiography of vegetable seeds were carried out for the very first time. Also the digital computer morphometric research of vegetable seeds was applied for the first time. The possibilities of the methods in definition of outwardly distinctive qualitative criterion of seeds were shown. The given modern instrumental methods can be successfully applied in a seed monitoring as a significant addition to standard ones.

This paper presents a retrospective and modern review of the research directions of the Laboratory of Genetics of FRС “Nemchinovka” to improve a common wheat resistance to fungal diseases using introgressive common wheat lines, which were obtained with the participation of species Aegilops speltoides , Ae.triuncialis , Triticum kiharae and Secale cereale . Stages of research are roughly divided into three periods. The first period (from 1980 to 1996) was associated with the development of theoretical foundations for the management of recombination processes in meiosis in distant wheat hybrids, the study of regularities of the formation process using donor pollen irradiation and the creation of an original collection of lines of spring and winter common wheat with added chromosomes of the species Ae. speltoides , lines with substitutions and translocated forms with genetic material Ae. triuncialis, T. kiharae and S. cereale. The second period (from 1996 to 2009) was associated with cytological and genetic study of the created collection on the basis of resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust, as well as other economically valuable and morphological features, and the creation of breeding lines (secondary improved gene pool of wheat). The third period (from 2009 to the present day) is characterized by the creation of competitive breeding lines - prototypes of varieties with group resistance to fungal diseases, including dangerous quarantine disease stem rust race Ug99, using marker-assisted selection. An attempt is made to evaluate the advanced breeding material of spring wheat for abiotic stress-flooding of seeds. The genotypes, which were able to withstand water stress, were selected.

The sprouting rate and the germination index of five winter triticale varieties were studied in comparison with the forms, which were selected from them with shorter and longer seed dormancy. We identified biotypes with a higher resistance to pre-harvest sprouting of grain than the original varieties. The selection efficiency depends on the variability of the variety, as well as on the age of the seeds at the selection time. Thus, grains are best differentiated by the dormance duration in the beginning of the wax ripeness.

Existence of a seed material heterogeneity, having impact on its economic efficiency, demanded the development of the specialized equipment and technology. The developed technique of a seed radiographic control allowed to solve some problems: a structural integrity of a caryopsis evaluation, the extent of influence of various types of the hidden defects on its biological full value. The methodological approach, that is based on development of morpho-metric, radiographic datasheets of seeds and the morpho-physiological datasheet of sprouts, will allow more deeply to understand, first, the reasons, leading to receiving the seeds with a different level of an economic efficiency, and secondly, make it to improvement of a radiographic express method of assessment of a hidden deficiency of seeds and the production batches of seeds for forecast of a potential field germination. It will be the cardinal breakthrough in the operated seed breeding and will allow to develop effective methods of an optimum seed application rate calculation, the forecast of seeding rate depending on their biological full value, taking into account an indicator of the hidden damage.

The analysis of an oil crop seed market development in Russia and ex-USSR countries for 30 years was made in relation with speed of a breeding innovation adaptation. Economics and statistics analysis, abstract-logical, regression, graphic and expert analysis were used as the methods. There has been a radical increase in oilseed acreage, as well as gross yields due to shortened crop seed lifecycle, differentiation of their end use, and the growing demand over the last 30 years. Commercial prospects for seed market have released up for non-resident seed companies which have come in with adapted hybrids and services, advanced agricultural technologies, production systems due to many reasons like oilseed demand growth and insufficient seed supply by domestic breeding organizations. The analysis of Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Kazakh State Registries allowed to identify main breeding innovations: hybrid systems, a herbicide tolerance and a high oleic oilseed. Development of agricultural innovations leads to the re-shaping of growing technology market as bundled offer of integrated solutions, high value seeds, crop protection products and digital approaches.

The varieties of a domestic breeding were studied against the four backgrounds of an inorganic nutrition for the analysis of the variability of 24 attributes. When discriminant analysis uses, the experience tab, which provides a wide variation of the trait, makes it possible to validate more reliably the genetic distance between the samples and evaluate not only morphological traits, but also the variety's response to changes in the environment. As a result of the study, the combinations with the maximum distance between the parental forms are distinguished, which are characterized by an increased probability of heterosis in a number of ways.

Since 2019 a new winter triticale variety, Tikhon, has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in the North Caucasus (6) region of the Russian Federation. The variety was obtained by an intervarietal hybridization within genus Triticale and double individual selection in F₂, F₃ of the hybrid population Yarylo / 0-113t12 // 01-184t14. Tikhon's genealogy includes the famous triticale varieties: AD-206, AD-60, ADP-2, AD Zelenyy, wheat: Semi-dwarf 71, Northern Cuban, Albidum 114, Kroshka, Pobeda 50, Skifyanka and Saratovskaya rye 4, EM-1, Haruchiban. Tikhon has a high productivity and a high adaptive potential. The yield in the trials by its predecessors for 2015-2018, in comparison with the Brat standard, was: for an occupied pair 113.9 c from 1 ha (+10.5 c from 1 hectare), wheat 109.5 (+ 17.0 c from 1 hectare), corn for grain 120.2 (+25.8 centners from 1 hectare), sunflower 105.2 (+16.6 centners from 1 hectare). The average yield over four years was 112.2 centners per hectare, which is 17.4 centners higher than the standard one. Along the length of the growing season, the variety is early maturing, and stands out 9 days earlier than the standard variety Brat. In height it has a short stem (110-115cm), resistant to lodging. Frost resistance is average, at the level of the standard variety Brat. The grain is large, light red, half-long, the TSW is up to 52 gr., Nature is 755 g/l, the protein content depending on the year of cultivation and its predecessor is from 12.0 to 14.0%. For baking properties, Tikhon is not allocated. Flour can be used to bake cookies, muffins, and mixed with soft wheat flour. Against the background of artificial infection, it shows immunity to yellow rust, powdery mildew, and head smut. It is highly resistant to a hard smut, resistant to Septoria. It moderately is susceptible to leaf rust. By the earing, fusarium it shows susceptibility.

The used principles and directions of a sugar beet hybrid production to realize their genetic potential not only in large soil-climatic zones of Russia, but also in smaller divisions - regions and their sub-divisions - beet growing farms are considered at an entry. . Now, in the period of the Russian Federation economic crisis and insufficient financing of agricultural enterprises, there are no means to acquire main fertilizers to apply for sugar beet, to organize irrigation system during the adverse, droughty period in the fifth zone and other droughty areas of the country. Therefore, urgency of hybrids - RMS 133 and RMS 134 - which have shown a high productivity during their testing under conditions of insufficient rainfall and without fertilizers is obvious. We have proposed the scheme for making changes in the breeding process, the method of evaluation in comparative and state trials, as well as the use of sugar beet hybrids and a high-quality sugar derived from them

The prospects of subwinter crops of Echinacea in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia, which allows to receive full-fledged shoots and provides cleaning of grass on the first year of vegetation, are for the first time revealed. The terms of cleaning of roots of Echinacea - the III-IV years of life are determined. Fertilizing by the Siliplant + Tsirkon complex promotes the increase: productivity of grass up to 26%, the content of oxycinnamon acids for 6%, productivity of roots for 28%, oxycinnamon acids in roots for 9%. Processing by the binary mix on fifth year of vegetation increased productivity of roots on 2.3 ts/hectare and allowed to carry out their cleaning and for fifth year of life.

The degree of influence of herbicides on photosynthetic activity of crops and soybean yield under the conditions of the Amur region was studied, the resistance of cultivated plants to them according to the activity of peroxidase enzyme was determined. The decrease in the number of weeds through the use of herbicides contributed to creating favorable conditions for formation of soybean leaf surface and improving the work of a photosynthetic apparatus. In general, during a vegetation period, the photosynthetic potential was higher in soybean in the variants with the use of herbicides Bazagran (against the background of soil Frontier) and Pivot by vegetation. The indicators of a leaf area and duration of their work in crops of the control variant were the lowest ones. The photosynthetic potential (PhP) reached the highest value in the period of a seed filling in all the variants of the experience. It reached its maximum value in the variant with the use of Pivot herbicide, exceeding the control variant by 46.8%.The stress effect of Pivot herbicide on the cultivated plants of soybean was revealed, which is confirmed by the high specific activity of peroxidase. It was established that the increase in a peroxidase activity and the maximum number of multiple forms of this enzyme indicated a high adaptive potential of soybean and resistance to Pivot herbicide, with its direct effect on the seeds.