The article describes experimental plantings of species of the genus Liquidambar L. at stations established in the mid-twentieth century on the territory of the Abkhazian research forest experimental station (AbRFES) in Ochamchira, mount Mamzyshka (Gagra) and two stations on the territory of the Ricin relict national park (RRNP) and a station in the Auadhar glade. The results of the introduction of species of the genus Liquidambar are highlighted: Liquidambar styraciflua, L. formosana and L. orientalis . The studies were carried out at different hypsometric marks from 20 m above sea level to 1650 m. As a result of long-term introduction studies, it can be concluded that the studied species of the genus liquidambar are naturalized introducers. Under the conditions of introduction, they grow quickly, these species bear fruit abundantly, multiply by seeds, give mass self-seeding and root offspring that can be used to produce seedlings. It was also revealed the prospects of growing L. styraciflua on an industrial scale at hypsometric marks up to 500 m above sea level inclusive, the other two - up to 200 m. The use of these species in forest introduction can increase the productivity of forests by 1.5 - 2.0 times compared to the main forest-forming species. Given the high decorative properties and the demonstrated high cold resistance of Liquidambar species, they can be recommended for landscaping urban communities of Abkhazia.

In the Moscow region for two years of the 2020-2021 sowing season. a field experiment was carried out to assess the implementation of the seed productivity of Aflatun onion ( Allium aflatunense B. Fedtsch.) from the biocollection of VNIIO - a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific and Scientific Center for Education. Aflatun onion is a perennial bulbous ephemeroid plant, endemic of the Tien Shan, xeromesophyte. Under the conditions of the culture of the Moscow region, the fruit set was 80.4%, the real seed productivity was 2.76 g per plant, the weight of 1000 seeds was 5.12 g, the insemination rate was 4.56 pcs/fruit. The formation of up to 4.11 seeds per fruit was noted, the average - 4.42, the upper one - 5.16 seeds per fruit. The reproductive potential under culture conditions is commensurate with that in natural populations; therefore, seed renewal of artificial populations is possible. The species must be kept in a living collection of onions and seeds to preserve the gene pool and as an insurance fund to maintain and restore natural populations in the event of their complete or partial extinction in nature.

Results of modeling of the spatial distribution of Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H.Wendl and Paysandisia archon Burmeister are given. Predictor variables have made the most significant contribution to modeling the spatial distribution of Trachycarpus fortunei and Paysandisia archon are the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation and the built-up area (EarthEnv, class 9). This species has begun to occupy wetter growing conditions in the secondary range than in its native range. The pest Paysandisia archon unintentionally introduced to the south of Russia's Black Sea Region, started to act as a biotic factor limiting its spread of Trachycarpus fortunei in the ecosystems of secondary range experiencing more significant anthropogenic impact.

The paper presents the results of studying the rhythms of seasonal development, decorative and economically valuable features, as well as some reproductive indicators for 12 clematis cultivars grown in the Nikita Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Center. The average dates of the main phenological phases and the duration of the periods between the phases have been determined. It has been found out that the climatic conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea ensure the full cycle of seasonal development in the studied clematis cultivars. Cultivars characterized by abundant and long flowering, original flower shape and color, and different flowering periods have been identified. According to these features, they have been selected as promising initial forms for breeding.

The frost resistance of generative buds of 17 ornamental peach cultivars introduced from China was assessed by the method of artificial freezing of shoots, taking into account the rate of microsporogenesis. From 2.6 to 65.13% of the generative buds of introduced cultivars survived when exposed to a temperature of -20°C in mid-February. At a temperature of -16°C at the end of February, the bud safety in most cultivars exceeded 40%, which is quite enough for ornamental flowering. After exposure to a temperature of -10°C at the end of the first decade of March, there were from 17.82 to 91.81% of live buds in different cultivars. The late flowering cultivar 'Wubao Chuizhi' showed the greatest resistance in all variants of freezing. Also, for frost resistance, the medium flowering cultivar 'Yangping Chuizhi' and late flowering cultivars 'Sahong Tao' and 'Ju Tao' are distinguished. On average, a group of late flowering cultivars showed greater frost resistance.

Characterization and morphometrical analysis of the R. aculeatus pistillate and staminate flowers were provided in the article. Pistillate and staminate R. aculeatus flowers are formed on different individuals, which is typical for dioecious species. The buds of male individuals of R. aculeatus are longer and obovate, while in pistillate flowers they are smaller and have an oval or ovoid shape. The anthers of the staminate flowers were clearly distinguished with a location at the top of the staminate column, in the witch cavity reduced ovary was. In pistillate flowers, the staminate column is preserved, but the anthers are reduced. The stigma of the pistil is located above the staminate tube. The ovary is located in the cavity of the stamen column. In isolated cases, the formation of complete flowers was noted on male individuals.

There has been made the comparative estimation of characteristics of rhythm’s flowering of ornamental evergreen introduced species Laurus nobilis L., Prunus laurocerasus L., Viburnum tinus L., Aucuba japonica Thunb. and Nerium oleander L. in the Southern Coast of the Crimea. Sum of active air temperatures above 5ºС accumulated on the onset of key phases of flowering dates have been analyzed. There have been identified into groups according to their flowering terms and indicated the duration of these phenophases in the Southern coast of the Crimea conditions. There is a dependence of the onset and duration of the flowering phases on the temperature factor is shown. Based on the comparative assessment of the reaction of the studied exotic species to weather conditions in climatic periods differing in the level of heat availability, shows and analyzes species specific features shift of flowering terms, demonstrating the peculiarities of its dependence on climatic factors and the current climate changes.

To study the ecophysiological response of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb to the impact of environmental factors during the growing season, a mathematical model of stepwise regression analysis was used. The intensity of assimilation (A) and transpiration (E) was used as dependent variables, the main environmental factors were independent variables. The proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the applied models is 96-98%. The practical output of the developed model with the corresponding quantitative characteristics is that in the future, it will be possible to predict the ecological state of a particular region.

Oak is one of the most valuable forest species throughout the European-Ural part of Russia and is of great economic importance. To date, a series of SSR markers have been developed, which were subsequently successfully applied to study the genetic structure of populations of this species. However, it should be noted that the domestic gene pool of English oak has not yet been studied in full using modern molecular genetic approaches. In our study, using microsatellite analysis, we studied the genetic variability of 25 SSR loci in English oak clones from the "Shipov Les" oak forest on a forest seed plantation in the Voronezh region. As expected, all studied SSR loci were effective in detecting DNA polymorphism. They had a high coefficient of polymorphism, as well as a high indicator of expected heterozygosity (He) - from 0.410 to 0.828. Of the tested microsatellite loci for the nuclear part of DNA (nSSRs), the most polymorphic loci were ZAG4, ZAG5, ZAG7, ZAG39, ZAG65, ZAG75, ZAG87, ZAG110, ZAG112, as well as the PIE243 locus in the transcribed part of DNA (EST-SSRs). For pedunculate oak on clonal LSP, in general, a higher level of expected heterozygosity (He) compared to observed (Ho) was revealed, which indicates a deficit of heterozygotes relative to the expected distribution according to the Hardy-Weinberg law. The main average genetic parameters in the oak forest "Shipov Les" were: He and Ho equal to 0.623 and 0.141, respectively, ne = 3.067, fixation index F = 0.765. The data obtained make it possible to evaluate the features of the genetic diversity of clones of a valuable forest massif of natural origin in the south of the Voronezh region for rational use in reforestation practice. The obtained parameters of the variability of oak in the "Shipov Les" by molecular markers turned out to be slightly lower than in oak populations from the marginal populations of the South Ural region, but slightly higher than in oak in the Republic of Mari El, Belarus.

Peculiarities of pollen emergence phenology in natural populations of P. pityusa Steven in the Mountain Crimea are considered. The influence of weather conditions on the specificity of the process of precipitation and distribution of pollen in the western and eastern parts of P. pityusa is shown. It was revealed that the wind regime during the period of the pollination phenophase reduces the probability of successful pollination of P. pityusa stands in the western part of the city of Karaul-Oba, since pollen with the prevailing movement of air masses moves to the east in a larger volume, this is also facilitated by stronger winds on the data territories. It was noted that in the stands of P. pityusa in the city of Karaul-Oba, the likelihood of a decrease in heterogeneity increases, which negatively affects the quality of seeds and the possibility of its seed renewal.

The chemical composition of the forest litter was analyzed and the number of fruit body macromycetes in the pine plantations of the waste dump of the coal mine (experimental site) and in the Kuzbass Botanical Garden (control site) was taken into account. In pine plantations of reclaimed dumps, the stock of litter was lower than under control conditions, while the density of forest stands directly affected the amount of coniferous litter. There was a trend towards an increase in the content of total nitrogen and total phosphorus, as well as a decrease in ash elements with an increase in the degree of canopy density in pine forest dumps. Pine plantations of the experimental site were distinguished by the maximum number of fruiting bodies of macromycetes fungi, while the most favorable conditions for mass fruiting of higher fungi are formed in medium-closed forest stands.

In this study, we compared different options for assessing the effect of SSR loci polymorphism on the indicators of allelic and genetic variability in the Scotch pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) population growing in the ecologically favorable territory of the steppe zone of European Russia. To study the influence of polymorphism of microsatellite loci on the estimates of the studied parameters, they were divided into 3 groups: a total sample of 14 EST-SSRs and 4 nSSRs of loci (the first group of loci), a sample of 13 EST-SSRs and 4 nSSRs, excluding 1 monomorphic locus (second group of loci) and a sample of 7 EST-SSRs and 2 nSSRs, excluding loci that identified 2 allelic variants each (third group of loci). Similar average estimates of allelic and genetic differentiation were obtained, calculated using 18 and 17 EST-SSRs and nSSRs loci from the first and second groups: A value was 3.500 and 3.647, He - 2.464 and 2.550, respectively. At the same time, the analysis of the parameters of the allelic diversity of pine samples from the studied population showed the maximum level of polymorphism for 7 EST-SSRs and 2 nSSRs loci, which revealed in the study from 3 allelic variants or more (the indicator was A - 5.111, ne - 3.308). A similar trend in the increase in genetic diversity indicators was also revealed for this group of loci: the expected heterozygosity index (He) is 0.635. Our results on the example of the Scotch pine population show that the values of allelic diversity directly depend on the polymorphism of the loci used in the study. In this regard, in order to monitor the state of genetic resources of economically valuable tree species using DNA analysis methods, in our opinion, it should include a single panel of microsatellite loci with which the researcher will work when studying the analysis of all samples in a given region or forest seed area for reducing errors in the calculation of indicators of the genetic structure.

As a result of the classification of the petrophytic-steppe vegetation of the Oglakhty section of the Khakassky Nature Reserve, two variants of the communities of the association Youngio tenuifoliae - Agropyretum cristati Makunina 2006 were identified, differing in the degree of moisture content of ecotopes. The Artemisia martjanovii variant includes typical meso-xerophytic communities of petrophytic steppes, and the Stellaria cherleriae variant includes more mesophytic petrophytic-steppe communities. The isolated units are placed in the union of petrophytic steppes Erichio pectinati-Selaginellion sanguinolentae Ermakov et al. 2006 , order Festucetalia lenesis Mirkin in Gogoleva et al. 1987, class of Central Asian steppes Cleistogenetea squarrosae Mirkin et al. ex Korotkov et al. 1991. The characteristics of the variants of the described associations are given and the regularities of their placement in the relief are given. The importance of the presented communities for preserving the diversity of the natural mountain-steppe vegetation of the Minusinsk intermountain basin and monitoring its conditions is noted.

Yield assessment and study of the impact of pests and diseases on the quality of English oak seeds in 2018-2021 performed on 3 family forest seed plantations (FSP) of the first order, established in 1996-2011. Acorns of plus trees of known origin, and located on the territory of the forest fund of the Uvarovsky, Kirsanovsky and Michurinsky forestries of the Tambov region. On FSP, the vast majority of trees has not entered the stage of active fruiting and do not bear fruit, or with a certain periodicity they give weak, less often medium, or even more rarely plentiful yields. Separate fields of FSP planted in different years differ in yield. Separate fields of FSP planted in different years differ in yield. Weak and medium yields are characterized by especially low quality of fruits due to their damage by 92-100% by carpophages and diseases, including acorn weevil (up to 98%), codling moth (up to 19.8%), mummification (up to 6.8 %) and rot (up to 21.6%) A strong and widespread damage to the leaf apparatus by powdery mildew, which develops at the epiphytotic level annually, has a certain effect on the amount of the crop. Over the entire observation period, a plentiful harvest was noted only in 2018, when the yield on the FSP of the Uvarovsky forestry was 837 kg/ha. At the same time, high-quality acorns were formed in significant quantities in 2018 on field No. 1 of the Michurinskaya FSP, where 147 kg / ha were collected.

The article presents the results of the study of the main phenological phases of development of the introduced cultivars and new forms of apple trees breeding at the Crimean Horticultural Station in the foothill zone of the Crimea. The sequence of their onset was determined, and the terms of the beginning of the growing season and its duration were established. As the Crimea is an area of risky horticulture, and the return frosts occur every 3 to 4 years, the peculiarities of the most important flowering phase, its duration and the required amount of effective temperatures are determined. Cultivars and forms distinguished by late flowering - ‘Tavriya’, ‘Salgirskoe’, 3-5-s - have been identified. For a number of cultivars and hybrid forms, the terms of fruit ripening in agroclimatic conditions of the Crimea were determined. It was found that in some samples, the fruit ripened in earlier terms than indicated in the literature. As a result of the research, the cultivars and forms of apple trees studied are distributed in groups according to the features of seasonal development, as well as the duration of the growing season. The inclusion of cultivars and hybrid forms according to their fruit ripening time into the following groups: early summer, summer, autumn, early winter, winter and late winter. As a result of the study, it was found that the accumulation of a certain sum of average daily temperatures above 10°C characterizes the heat reserves, which are necessary for the ripening of apple-tree fruits. For each group of apple-tree cultivars and forms under study, the sum of effective temperatures above 5 and 10°C from flowering to the onset of removable fruit ripeness was calculated. Phenological observations have shown that climatic conditions of the Crimea correspond to the positive passage of all phases of development of induced cultivars and hybrid forms of apple trees and contribute to their further growth in this region.

The article presents the results of studying the main phenological phases of pear development. The research was carried out in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Crimea, in the collection plantings of the department "Crimean Experimental Gardening Station" of the Federal State Funded Institution of Science "NBG-NSC" in 2015-2021. The objects of study are new zoned and promising cultivars and hybrids of pears of their own selection of various maturation periods. The objective of the research is to study the seasonal stages of the phenological phases of the development of new cultivars and hybrids of pears, taking into account temperature indicators, and to identify the sources of individual components of adaptability for use in breeding programs. According to the results of phenological observations, the average dates of the onset of the main phases of development have been established. The ranking of cultivars and hybrids of pears according to the timing of the beginning of vegetation, flowering, maturation, as well as the duration of the growing season. A significant positive correlation was revealed between flowering and the average and minimum air temperature in Yakimovskaya cultivars - r= 0,51 and r=0,78; Diva - r=0,46 and r=0,60, respectively. For further breeding work, the following source cultivars were identified: late flowering - Desertnaya, Maria, Yakimovskaya, 69-50, 107-18, 125-21, 130-71; frost resistance of flowers - Maria, Yakimovskaya, Desertnaya, Diva; late ripening - Maria, Diva, Nadezhda, 109-73, 124-49, 132-59.

The results of the long-term testing of 47 hybrid forms of quince breeding at the Nikita Botanical Garden in the conditions of the steppe zone of Crimea are presented. The evaluation of resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors has been carried out, and economic values have been studied. There are 22 forms with maximum frost resistance of flower buds to low winter temperatures, 8 - to spring frosts, 26 - with high resistance to diseases, including 4 - without signs of damage. 9 high-yielding forms were identified that exceed the indicators of the control variety. 22 hybrid forms distinguished themselves by the high quality of fruits, 3 of them are large-fruited and 7 with long-term fruit storage. It is established that most of the studied forms have medium-sized trees. 8 stunted forms with a compact crown have been identified. According to the results of the study, 19 hybrid forms were identified that have not one, but several desirable traits for use in breeding and 8 with a complex of economically useful traits - candidates for varieties. The perspective form 14/60 (Konservnaya Pozdnyaya х Otlichnica) was transferred to the State Export Testing as an Osennij Suvenir variety.

The results of the long-term studies of potential frost resistance and some elements of winter hardiness in evergreen species of Oleaceae family on the South Coast of Crimea have been summarized. It has been revealed that adaptive processes implementation has the species- and genus-specific nature under the favorable hardening conditions. The effect of low-temperature stress on the electrolytes output and the amount of photosynthetic pigments was studied. It has been found out that at the second stage of hardening to negative temperatures cell membranes were significantly damaged in Olea species, in contrast to Ligustrum and Osmanthus species. It has been shown that in the species of Oleaceae family, chlorophylls are directly involved in the frost resistance formation. In the leaves of all studied species, under the pressure of negative temperatures, an increase in the chlorophylls "a" and "b" concentration occurs, as well as a decrease in the ratio "a/b" with various intensity.

The data on the features of the anatomical structure of common myrtle fruits of ‘Yuzhnoberezhny’ cultivar, bred in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens are presented. In the aboveground mass of plants, myrtle fruits account for 7.5-10% of the crop structure. The description of the fruit is crucial in diagnosing the raw materials of myrtle. It was found that a significant amount of phenolic compounds (660.4 mg / 100 g dry weight) and anthocyanins (380.7 mg/100 g dry weight) accumulate in the fruits of ‘Yuzhnoberezhny’ cultivar in the conditions of the culture of the Southern Coast of the Crimea. Gallic acid predominates among phenolic compounds; among anthocyanins are malvidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside.

The results on the influence of light of different intensity and quality on the morphogenesis processes of essential oil rose explants in vitro were obtained. Variants with luminescent white (46,25-74,0 µmol m-2 s-1) and red (56,0 и 74,0 µmol m-2 s-1), and LED red (56,0-74,0 µmol m-2 s-1) light were tested. It has been shown that explants of the cultivars Festivalnaya and Tavrida developed in all variants of the experiment, while differences in biometric indicators were noted in the studied rose samples depending on the genotype and conditions. Light intensity with cold white light of fluorescent lamps in 46,25 and 74,0 µmol m-2 s-1 and red light - 74,0 µmol m-2 s-1 proved to be effective for the development of adventive microshoots. Similar results were shown by the effect on the rose explants of 64,75 µmol m-2 s-1 lamps of the red spectrum.

During the introducing of plants in the North, not only their adaptation and acclimatization is important, but also their reproduction, which determines the prospects of species used in the landscaping of northern cities. Hyssopus officinalis , being Mediterranean specie, has wide plasticity, its cultivation is moving far to the North. The studies were carried out in the Botanical Garden of the Syktyvkar State University named after Pitirim Sorokin using standard methods for seed production of the introduced plants. When introduced in the conditions of the middle taiga, it develops at a faster pace, having time to go through the entire growing season before the formation of fruits and maturation of seeds in 123-129 days, in contrast to conditions of the foothill Crimea (150-190 days). The morphological parameters, laboratory germination and germination energy of seeds of hyssop officinalis of various reproductions obtained from botanical gardens of different natural zones were studied. It was established that the seeds of local reproduction in terms of morphological parameters (weight and size) differ slightly from seeds obtained from more southern regions (Solikamsk, Izhevsk, Penza, Belgorod) and natural populations from Central Europe. Laboratory germination (76-88%) and seed germination energy are high (58-72%). Seeds do not require stratification. Hyssop officinalis can be recommended as an ornamental plant for use in culture for landscaping northern cities in the northern taiga subzone

VILAR (Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants) is the only state research organization in Russia, thematically, comprehensively covering the problems of conservation of plant genetic resources and their use in the interests of medicine. Biocollection of the tropics and subtropics floras in our greenhouses considers unique 413 species of medicinal and aromatic plants. One of the most important problems of biocollection preserving is plants protection from pests and diseases, the mass spread of which leads not only to the loss of the ornamental of plants, but also to the suppression of their growth and death. The article reflects up-to-date information on the peculiarities of plant protection from pests in greenhouses. It is recommended to use IPM techniques, including prevention and quarantine, agrotechnical, biotechnical and chemical measures, and the use of trap plants. Taking into account the frequent attendance of the greenhouse complex, when choosing protection measures, it is necessary to focus on the safest ones, limiting chemical treatments. It is recommended to include micro-fertilizers and growth regulators in the protection system, the addition of which to tank mixtures allows reducing the pesticide load while maintaining the biological effectiveness of treatments.

Lycorma delicatula is an invasive hemipteran insect species whose harmfulness is observed in the secondary area. The distribution of this species occurs mainly with the preimaginal stages, which are not identified by morphological methods. The use of DNA-barcoding on a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene for the diagnosis of this species is limited by the lack of an assessment of its intra-specific and inter-specific variability. According to the results of the analysis of the sequences of this molecular marker, Lycorma delicatula well differentiates from other species within the family Fulgoridae and the genus Lycorma (bootstrap values≥85%). The average value of genetic distances according to the Kimura two-parameter model for Lycorma delicatula specimens from the primary area was 1.2%, varying in the range of 0-3.8%. Lycorma delicatula is characterized by the presence of a threshold between intra-specific and inter-specific variability, which is 5.0%. The results are of practical importance for the phytosanitary laboratories.

The article presents the results of the use of tank mixtures of herbicides based on salts of glyphosate, sulfonylurea and biologically active substances in the fight against Ambrosia artemisiifolia in the roadside areas of the Republic of the Crimea. In laboratory experiments, it was shown that spraying with herbicides in the pregenerative phase of development of A. artemisiifolia increases the efficiency of tank mixtures up to 100% in all variants of the experiment. The study in the field was carried out in the roadside areas of the Simferopol region, where about 55% of the plants were in the generative age state. In the course of the tests, 7 variants of tank mixtures were developed with the use of drugs that were lower than the recommended consumption rates and herbicide application efficiency from 39 to 68%. It was revealed that the treated plants of ragweed, which were in the pregenerative age state, are more susceptible to herbicide inhibition than plants in the budding-flowering phase. The profitability of using the proposed compositions in comparison with the recommended herbicides and application rates ranges from 104% to 2395%.

200 thousand tons of rice are imported to Russia annually, it costs more than 6.5 billion rubles. The main mass of imported rice in Russia is long-grain cultivars of different quality, including medium and high amylose cultivars that do not boil during cooking. Long-grain rice of different quality is imported: steamed; low- and high-amylose, aromatic Basmati and Jasmine types. It is important to note that the price of low-amylose (digestible) long-grain rice with l/b more than 3.0 (421 USD/t) is much lower than the price of high-amylose long-grain rice with l/b>2.0<3.0 (800-1000 USD/t). The maximum price on the international market of high-amylose long-grain aromatic rice such as Basmati and Jasmine (up to 1500 USD/ton), which is 2-3 times higher than that of short-grain rice produced in Russia. In recent years, Russian breeders have created a number of long-grain rice cultivars (Ivushka, Svetlana, Natasha, Zlata, Austral) which are as good as foreign analogues and are superior to previously created domestic ones. The production cost and productivity potential of the created long-grain rice cultivars is the same as that of the short-grain cultivars (8-10 t/ha) grown in most Russian farms. However, for many domestic cultivars, there is a problem of their lower adaptability to stresses and correspondingly lower yields under production conditions, which slows down the process of import substitution. The second problem is the lack of detailed technologies for growing cultivars of this direction, growing them according to generally accepted, often leads to lower yields. For import substitution long-grain cultivars of different vegetation period, amylose content is created, growing technologies are developed that allow to realize their productivity potential. In the long term demand for rice grits will grow. In the future, the increase in supply will be provided by the growth of domestic production of cultivars and types of rice demanded by the Russian population on the background of a reduction in import supplies.