The study of the biometric characteristics of cones and the features of seed formation was carried out in artificial plantations of Pinus sylvestris L. growing on the Crimean yailas. Quantitative accounting and statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of the development of female reproductive structures was carried out using model trees. 30-40 cones were collected from each model tree from the middle part of the crown in late winter and early spring. In laboratory conditions, length, diameter, cone shape factor, and seed quality indicators were studied. As a result of the research, it was found that in artificial plantations of P. sylvestris on the Crimean yailas, the length of cones varies within 5.3-6.7 cm, diameter - 2.4-3.7 cm. The number of seeds in a cone varies significantly. The averages are fairly close. The weight of the seeds varies from year to year and due to the peculiarities of growing conditions. The viability of seeds of individual P. sylvestris trees is characterized by significant differences in the level of germination energy.

Currently, high rates of climate change have been recorded in the regions of Russia, including the Central Chernozem region, therefore, an urgent task is to study the state of forest woody plants in conditions of global warming. The article studies the climatic parameters of the steppes of the Central Chernozem region and the parameters of seed productivity of the planting of scots pine in connection with the climate change of the study region. Weather conditions were analyzed in the spring-summer period from March to July, when the most sensitive processes of development of forest woody plants occur. According to the results of the five-year monitoring of the average monthly precipitation and temperature from 2017 to 2021, it was found that the excess of the average monthly temperature relative to the long-term regional norm occurs regularly and is accompanied by a reduced amount of precipitation. June 2019 was characterized by the strongest and longest deviations from the norm: the average monthly temperature exceeded the norm by +3.6 °C, the amount of precipitation was 15% of the norm. Atmospheric and soil drought has formed. These climatic conditions affected the seed productivity of scots pine - the main forest-forming species of the study region. In the conditions of the drought of 2019, which lasted 7 weeks, there was a decrease in the number of trees belonging to highly productive classes of full-grain seeds by 36% compared to the optimal year, and the total number of empty seeds per cone increased. Thus, the climate of the steppe zone of the Voronezh region can be characterized as continental, prone to droughts in spring and summer. Arid conditions of the study region negatively affect the generative sphere of scots pine, which is expressed in low seed productivity.

In provenance trial of English oak, the coefficients of genetic variation in the height and diameter of the trunk of populations within the forest seed regions were determined. Calculations were made for 3 forest seed regions (No. 1; No. 2, No. 3). The age of cultures is 19 years, located in the forest-steppe zone of the European part RF. The presence of a large variability of populations according to economically important traits within the regions is shown. Coefficients of genetic variation in forest seed regions range from 15.1% to 19.8% for stem height and from 2.5 to 12.7% for stem diameter. The possibility of a large effect of positive and negative selection of populations according to economically important traits within the forest seed regions is shown. These effects must be taken into account when choosing a scenario for the development of English oak seed production. It is especially important to take into account the large effect of negative selection of populations. Over the past 50 years, in the Middle Volga region, the area occupied by English oak has decreased by almost 2 times, and this process continues. The loss of the best natural oak stands will worsen the oak gene pool and can significantly reduce the productivity and sustainability of oak crops. It is necessary to allocate and arrange as many plus forests as possible. When creating forest seed objects, preference should be given to the cheapest type of objects to produce - permanent forest seed plots. In order to preserve the natural structure of populations and create a seed base for positive selection of populations, one should strive to create permanent forest seed plots.

Siberian pine ( Pinus sibirica Du Tour.) - this is a stable, plastic appearance, responsive to changes in the conditions of growth. Studies of the biological and forestry properties of the species are actively carried out both in forests and artificial plantations of its natural range. In conditions of introduction, the study of Siberian cedar is carried out in a number of regions of Russia. Of great importance is the objective assessment of the ecological and biological characteristics of Siberian cedar in the Voronezh region. At the age of 34 years, we observe rather high on average (31.34 cm during the period of development) height increment in Siberian cedar. The obtained data and the polynomial equation with low value of approximation reliability (R²=0,18) of the graph of the ratio of tree heights to their diameters at breast height confirm high preservation of the species. Considering the placement of trees in the area, it was noticed that the ratios of tree crown projection areas and their heights with distances to the 3rd neigh bouring tree are expressed by linear dependence equations, also with low values of approximation reliability (R²=0,11 and 0,012). This can be explained in terms of the structure of its root systems. As in the areal conditions, when creating forest cultures of Siberian cedar, we observe the manifestation of features associated with the specifics of its root system development: the presence of "live stumps" and the formation of root shoots. Application of the identified features in Siberian pine implies the use of cuttings of the species when grafting them into the root neck of Scots pine with subsequent transfer of cedar grafting to its own roots. All this makes it possible to create objects with the species in a wider range of growing conditions and excludes destructive manifestation of incompatibility of grafting components.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is an invasive species of North American origin, widely distributed in various cenoses of the Crimea. The study was conducted in the conditions of the Piedmont Crimea in 2021 in 12 cenopopulations. Four groups of system indicators were identified: ecological-biological, biological, ecological and genotypic according to the ratio of general and consistent variability. The vitality structure of the species was studied taking into account ecological and biological system indicators: the number of branches, the number of leaves and the length of the male apical inflorescence. Seven cenopopulations were classified as prosperous, most of which were noted in ruderal communities. The depressive type of vitality is more typical for 4 cenopopulations, described mainly in segetal and synanthropized communities. Equilibrium cenopopulation was noted in the ruderal community. The dynamics of morphological integration depending on the conditions of cenoses is studied. A high index of dimensional plasticity of the species (5.75) was established, and it was also determined that in the conditions of the Piedmont Crimea, a combined type of ontogenetic SR-strategy is characteristic of the species.

Field observations were carried out in order to assess the state of A. andrachne undergrowth and plantings in individual localities, as well as to assess the possibility of spreading plants beyond the territories where stable populations are formed. It was revealed that the undergrowth in the populations of the Mountainous Crimea has a low level of vital indicators and a small number, its number in individual generations varies significantly depending on the weather conditions of the growing season of the beginning of growth. In some localities, under favorable microclimatic and edaphorographic conditions, seed renewal in most cases has a mosaic character. Cases of single plants or small groups growing far beyond the isolated Crimean populations have been noted.

The X-ray methods use for living organisms studies has opened up wide opportunities for seed science. To date, one of the most promising methods for latent defects detecting in seed material can be considered the microfocus radiography method, which provides visualization of the internal seed structures including their possible anomalies without additional damaging effects, which is associated with a short exposure and the vitally acceptable radiation intensity use. X-ray analysis is now considered as an effective method of seed quality control, which allows obtaining information about their internal properties in express mode. Together with morphophysiological, biochemical, luminescent and other methods, it provides a higher level of expert evaluation of seed quality. Our experience connected with this method is still limited and amounts to a little more than a year. We carried out the initial testing of the installation, evaluating the possibilities of its application for radiography of various sizes seeds and fruits. Also we experimentally selected treatment modes for samples differed in shells density and the seed contents quality. In this message, we would like to present a brief information about the work we have already carried out. The list of already studied dendrological objects for which a test X-ray seeds examination was carried out includes 22 taxa, among which the vast majority of objects are rare species listed in the IUCN Red List. X-ray study of the seeds quality for woody introducents showed for a wide range of objects the possibility to perform non-damaging express screening of their internal contents, establishing signs of damage and developmental defects. The "lower limit" of the size of seeds and the basic modes for conducting radiography are determined, taking into account the need to adjust the modes for specific objects.

The forests of hamated pine ( Pinus sylvestris L. var. hamata Steven) are not numerous and isolated by the space of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains. The uniqueness of native pine forests, confined to the conditions of the plateau-like peaks of the mountainous Crimea, and their ecological significance are obvious. However, to date, information regarding the sustainability, natural reproduction and productivity of stand dominated by P. hamata is relatively contradictory or absent at all. The geographical neighborhood of native forest stands of P. hamata and forest plantations of P. sylvestris created on yaila of the mountainous Crimea during the implementation of numerous programs for reforestation of the peninsula, as well as the absence of reproductive barriers between both taxa, may lead to biological pollution of P. sylvestris var. hamata . The inevitable consequence of such pollution will be the loss of stability of stands and the decrease in the biological diversity of forest ecosystems in the mountainous Crimea. Research has established that natural reproduction of P. sylvestris var. hamata are observed on the yaila and adjacent areas of mountain slopes. However, the features of the structure of coenopopulations, the state of undergrowth and its quantity are clearly insufficient for further successful growth and development of forest stands. One of the probable reasons for the low abundance of undergrowth of P. sylvestris var. hamata is its regular damage by ungulates. In order to preserve P. sylvestris var. hamata in the Mountainous Crimea, it is necessary to develop a set of measures to support the processes of natural restoration of native forest stands of pine subores and mixed pine subucinas in the yaila vicinity.

The article summarizes the data of long-term phenological observations conducted in the juniper-oak communities of the Cape Martian Nature Reserve. The list of secondary flowering plants recorded in the period 1996-2021 is presented. The analysis of this group of species according to the complex of the main bioecological features is carried out. It was found that in the group of re-flowering species of the analyzed period, the main patterns revealed earlier in the years with mass re-flowering were preserved: polycarpic grasses dominated the main biomorph, late spring-early summer and late spring-mid-summer species dominated the rhythm of normal flowering, xeromesophytes and mesoxerophytes dominated the water regime. The arealogical structure was dominated by species with transitional types of habitat: East Mediterranean, Crimean Caucasian, European Mediterranean, as well as European-Mediterranean-Near Asian. It is shown that the majority of re-flowering species are characterized by the types of both extended and present secondary flowering, and the main trend during the analyzed period is a change in their ratio in favor of extended. This indicates the dependence of the studied phenological phenomenon on the variability of hydrothermal conditions, for a multifactorial assessment of which specialized work is needed.

The sex of dicotyledonous poplars, including aspens, is of great importance when using them for landscaping, since female specimens forms make a large amount of fluff. In addition, the differences in the growth and spread of aspens and poplars depending on their gender and environments, has been repeatedly noted in the scientific literature. New experiments on aspen hybridization were carried out with the support of the German Research Institute of Forest Genetics named after Tünen and the German Ministry of Agriculture (MaRussiA project, grant 68706 BLE). Our studies have shown that the beginning of aspen hybrids flowering in the Central forest-steppe of European Russia was registered after a 4-year vegetation period when 33 % of full sibs’ and 37 % of half sibs’ plants were bloomed. Among the blooming full sibs there were 66 % male and 34 % female individuals, and half sibs had 70 % male and 30 % female. The average height of 4-year-old plants of full male sibs was 10.8 % higher than of female. In half sibs’ plants, this indicator was 3.9 % higher in favor of female individuals. The selected 5 highest male and 5 highest female plants showed that male plants of full sibs exceeded female ones by 19.8 %, and in half sibs the same excess was 11.6 %. Further research is needed to clarify and study the quality and growth dynamics of male and female representatives of aspen hybrids.

Satureja montana L. is a valuable spicy-aromatic and medicinal plant widely used in cooking, cosmetics, and medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antioxidant properties. The need for rapid multiplication of valuable samples or cultivars frequently arises during breeding or introduction. In this case, it is advisable to use the biotechnological methods of propagation in vitro . The aim of the work was to study the influence of the culture medium hormonal composition on the development of S. montana explants at the initial stages of clonal micropropagation. The sterilization regime of plant material was optimized: sequential treatment with 70% ethanol (40 sec.) and 50% “Bradofen” solution (6-9 min.), which ensured production of 100% aseptic viable explants. Stem segments with a node were used as explants. They were cultivated on modifications of Murashige and Skoog culture medium (MS) with the addition of various growth regulators. When the explants were introduced in vitro, the largest number of shoots (2.9 pieces/explant) was observed on media with 0.5 mg/l of benzylaminopurine or thidiazuron, however, up to 23.7-58.7% of them were hydrated. Addition of kinetin to MS medium was more effective; since, along with a multiple shoot formation, it provides the maximum length of shoots (32.6-54.0 mm). At the stage of micropropagation itself, when comparing different cytokinins, the advantage of kinetin was also established. To obtain normally developed shoots and maximum multiplication index (6.4), it is advisable to cultivate explants on MS medium with addition of 0.5 mg/l of kinetin and 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid.

The expression of the DREB1 and DREB2 genes was studied using leaves of the upper layer of in vitro clones of white poplar ( Populus alba L.), gray poplar ( P. × canescens (Aiton) Sm.), a hybrid of white poplar and aspen ( P. alba L. × P. tremula L.), downy birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh.) and B. pendula f. “ dalecarlica ” (L. f.) Schneid. exposed to salt stress and control plants. Microplants were exposed to salt stress four times (½ WPM + 1% NaCl) for 3 weeks, alternating their stay on ½ WPM for 3-4 weeks. Control samples were kept on ½ WPM without salt addition. The studied transcription factor genes showed differential changes in the expression level in poplar and birch clones. The level of gene expression after exposure to salt stress on control samples increases in clones of downy birch; a clone of B. pendula f. “ dalecarlica ” showed a slight change in the expression level. For all samples that had previously undergone exposure to salt stress, a decrease in the level of expression was characteristic with the next exposure to the factor. Evaluation of the expression of the analyzed transcription factors revealed the presence of a pronounced stress response (decrease or increase in the level of gene expression) in birch clones and some poplar clones after exposure to 1% NaCl in the nutrient medium ½ WPM. A significant decrease in the expression level upon repeated exposure to salt stress indicates the sensitivity of the clones to the stress factor.

The present investigation revealed the features of in vitro propagation of the Echinacea × hybrida ‘Mama Mia’ cultivar and its somaclonal variants with different leaf colors. The optimal conditions of plant organogenesis at the main micropropagation stages were determined. It was shown that the size of the initial explant had a significant impact on the growth and development of echinacea microrosettes. ‘Mama Mia’ cultivar was characterized by the highest morphogenetic potential than other studied genotypes. Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/L 6-BAP was found optimal for ‘Mama Mia’ and ‘Pestrushka’ micropropagation, while medium with 0.1 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) showed efficiency for other somaclones. Half strength MS medium with 0.3 mg/L β-indole acetic acid (IAA) was effective for root system formation at the rooting stage of echinacea. The adaptation of ‘Mama Mia’ and ‘Pestrushka’ regenerants was carried out on the optimal substrate consisting of peat and vermiculite wherein the survival rate of regenerants reached 100% and 83%.

Chemotherapy with ribavirin has been used as a method for healthy in vitro apple shoots obtaining. Three subcultures of in vitro plants for 45 days each on Murashige and Skoog medium with 50 mg/L of ribavirin resulted in virus elimination with 100% efficiency. Half concentration of Murashige and Skoog mineral components with 0.25 mg/L indolylbutyric acid, 1.25 g/L gelrite, 4 g/L agar, pH 5.7 was efficient for in vitro root formation (50-90%). At the first stage, for the adaptation of apple plants (85-90%) at the soil substrate, after transferring shoots from in vitro conditions, it is necessary to cover them with a plastic cap to retain moisture. Uniform ventilation of the planting stocks is required to prevent the formation of rot and mold.

The research has been carried out to study the responsiveness of genotypes and optimize the two-stage technology of rice anthers culture in vitro in relation to 8 cultivars of crossing of different pericarp coloration and amylose content in the grain (5 cultivars with colored pericarp and 3 white-grained cultivars of Russian breeding), increasing the induction of morphogenic calluses, the formation of haploid embryos and regenerating plants for the selection of new generation cultivars intended for functional nutrition. It was revealed that the anthers of the basal parts of the panicle contained pollen at all single-core stages of development, including early, middle and late, and showed a higher frequency of callus induction than in the middle and upper parts. At the early stages of microspore development, pollen dimorphism was noted: the presence of normal and embryogenic (competent) microspores in the anthers, which give rise to neoplasms in in vitro culture. Due to the optimization of exogenous factors, it was possible to stimulate the induction of callus for weakly responsive genotypes. The optimal terms of cultivation of newly formed calluses on callus and regeneration media to ensure maximum yield of regenerants have been identified.

The variability of biochemical parameters (flavanoids, proanthocyanidins, protein) in the needles and bast of oppressed, subordinate, codominant, dominant in height and diameter of Scots pine trees growing in six forest-steppe populations of different age and origin was studied. The results of the degree of their regulation within the population and growth groups are presented. The dependence of the accumulation of secondary metabolism substances on the age of the population, the growth category of trees and the tier (upper / lower) of the crown was revealed. It is shown that the codominant and dominant groups of plants have a lower level of flavanoid synthesis. Significant differences in the content of proanthocyanidins in the coniferous shoots of the lower and upper tiers of the crown of dominant and oppressed tree groups were determined. The general patterns of the revealed biochemical differences are characterized. The causes of age-related variability, dynamics within the crown, and their correlation with the energy and epigenetic components of the genome are discussed.

The article analyzes the results on the content of peroxidase, phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid in the leaves of meadow bluegrass during the growing season under plantations of woody plants (scots pine and ash-leaved maple). The peroxidase activity in the leaves of plant samples was determined by the method of A.N. Boyarkin, the content of ascorbic acid - by the titrimetric method using sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, water-soluble phenolic compounds - by the Leventhal-Neubauer method. Mutual regulation of the plant antioxidant defense system was established, expressed in an increase in the level of ascorbic acid, but a decrease in the activity of peroxidase and phenolic compounds. The accumulation of metabolites in the studied plants varied depending on the phases of the growing season and growing conditions. Scots pine had the greatest inhibitory effect on the studied species than ash-leaved maple. The results obtained can be used to assess the state of the ground cover and the structure of the phytocenosis.

Federal State Funded Institution of Science "The Labor Red Banner Order Nikita Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Center of the RAS" is the oldest scientific institution in the Crimea engaged in the breeding of various fruit crops. The article presents the results of many years of work on the creation of new cultivars of sweet cherries. Breeders I.N. Ryabov, A.N. Ryabova, A.N. Voloshina, I.V. Kryukova, V.P. Orekhova, G.M. Tarasyuk worked in this direction in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, L.A. Lukicheva, E.V. Tarasova, L.A. Chernen'kiy continued this work. In the process of breeding, about 200 hybrid families of sweet cherries were created and studied, obtained by methods of intersort hybridization, sowing seeds from free pollination, using the in vitro culture method, radiation mutagenesis, etc. Promising hybrids, breeding forms and cultivars were identified - 182. 10 cultivars of sweet cherries are included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use: Uslada, Vesnyany Naspivy, Prizerka, Pikovaya Dama, Kutuzovka, Chernokrymka, Vitivnitsa, Znatnaya, Zarya Vostoka, Karadag. Two new cultivars - Triumf and Dolgozhdannaya - are in state testing in the network of state-owned transport sites. As a result of many years of research, new promising competitive cultivars and selected forms have been identified. Scientific and technical documentation is being prepared for the cultivars for their transfer to the state transport network in order to improve the zoned assortment of sweet cherries.

The results of the study of rootstocks and rootstock forms for pears in combination with cultivars adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the Crimean peninsula are presented. One of the main tasks is the selection of combinations that allow creating early maturing, highly productive pear designs with compact crown shapes. Taking into account the peculiarities of the region, the introduction into southern horticulture of its own promising rootstocks and their combinations with cultivars of Crimean breeding, allowing to expand the area of distribution of pears and increase fruit consumption is relevant and the main goal of research. The rootstocks of quince ВA 29, KA 53, KA 86 belong to the group of medium-sized in terms of growth strength. KA 92 is slightly tall. They are resistant to drought and chlorosis; also they have high productivity in the motherhouse and gardens. The analysis of the long-term data obtained allows us to conclude that their use in pear orchards of all forms of ownership is promising.

In modern conditions, it is important to study the yield of apple cultivars and forms of plants under certain conditions. The results of the study of plant yield and productivity of the leaf surface of columnar cultivars and forms of apple trees in the foothill zone of the Crimea are presented. The area of the leaf blade was determined by the method of Dmitriev N.N. and Khusnidinov Sh.K., and the productivity of the leaf surface - according to the method of Ovsyannikov A.S. Revealed that the studied columnar apple cultivars are suitable for further intensification of apple production. The maximum yield is distinguished by the Snow White cultivar. It is determined that the productivity of the leaf surface is a varietal feature. The cultivars with the highest productivity of the leaf blade are identified. Based on the data of the leaf surface area and its productivity, a cluster analysis was carried out, where five clusters were identified. According to the set of indicators, the selection form 18-9-20-2 is closest to the control. It also stands out in terms of yield, after additional studies it can be recommended for passing state selection test.

Biotic and abiotic stresses cause significant yield losses in rice production, and increasing plant stress tolerance is one of the main breeding goals. Recently, various methods have been used to increase plant resistance to stress. Diseases are among the most important limiting factors affecting rice production. Blast (pathogen - imperfect fungus Pyricularia oryzae Cav.) is the most dangerous and harmful disease of rice, widespread in most rice-growing regions of the world, including Russia. The maximum success in the fight against the causative agent of blast can be achieved through the introduction into production of varieties with long-term resistance to the pathogen. But the creation of effective protection measures is hampered by numerous difficulties associated with a lack of knowledge about the physiology of pathogenesis and the mechanisms of plant resistance to the disease. Fungicides are still widely used to prevent crop diseases, but the secondary effects of some of them on environmental quality, human health and the selection of resistant strains are stimulating research to develop new strategies in the context of sustainable crop production. Various carbohydrates are currently being experimented with for their possible role as resistance inducers. Relationships between resistance and carbohydrate content were studied on six rice cultivars showing different types of resistance to the blast pathogen in the field. Significant relationships between the content of non-structural carbohydrates and rice blast resistance were not found.

The advantage of organic agriculture lies in the use of environmentally friendly technologies for the rational use, protection and restoration of natural resources. The direction of organic agriculture is new for Russia. It is based on: soil fertility with a special role of crop rotation, in which legumes occupy an important place as the main suppliers of nitrogen in the cultivation of organic raw materials [7]. The cultivation of legumes in Siberia as an organic product is economically expedient, profitable and cost-effective. It is possible to diversify the range of leguminous crops in the region through the distribution of new varieties of local selection. Vegetable beans are of considerable interest for the diet of the population of the region, their green beans are a source of vegetable proteins, carbohydrates, B vitamins, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and fiber. Moreover, the culture is an affordable alternative to more expensive animal protein and will be a nitrogen supplier in the crop rotation when growing organic products [7, 8, 9, 10]. A comprehensive study of the best domestic varieties of vegetable beans, the search for the most effective implementation of the adaptive and bioenergetic potential of vegetable beans, the development of varietal agricultural technology when grown in organic farming are relevant [7]. The conducted studies made it possible, on the basis of the technological map and the calculation of material and monetary costs, to determine the economic indicators and economic efficiency of the cultivation of vegetable beans, depending on varietal characteristics. So, when selling beans of the Memory Ryzhkova variety, the profit per hectare amounted to 110,002.07 rubles, Marusya - 73,859.40 rubles. (exceeded the Gold of Siberia standard by 65,525.36 and 29,382.69 rubles, respectively). Conducted studies confirm that organic farming can be profitable. So, with a yield of vegetable beans for seeds of 2.4-3.5 t/ha, the profitability of its cultivation using organic technology reaches 93.6%.

As a result of the original study, two species, Eurytetranychus recki Bagdasarian, 1948 from Eurytetranychini tribe and Eotetranychus thujae (McGregor, 1950) from Tetranychini tribe, are recorded for the Tetranychidae fauna of the Crimean Peninsula for the first time. In addition, 9 species previously known for the acarofauna of the region were detected: Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher, 1920); Amphitetranychus savenkoae (Reck, 1956); Oligonychus brevipilosus (Zacher, 1932); Oligonychus lagodechii Livshits et Mitrofanov, 1969; Oligonychus piceae (Reck, 1953); Oligonychus pini (Hirst, 1924); Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi, 1905); Tetranycopsis horridus (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1876); Tetranycopsis matikashviliae Reck, 1953. The data on the distribution of these species and their host plants are provided. According to V.I. Mitrofanov et al. (1975, 1987) in this work it is accepted that O. pini is a valid species, because it well differentiates from O. ununguis by the following characters: on the palp tarsus of females and males, solenidion ( ω ) is noticeably thicker than the spines ( ul'ζ , ul"ζ ); in males, the hook of the aedeagus is elongated (almost 2 times longer than in O. ununguis ). Thus, the Tetranychidae fauna of the Crimea is currently represented by 60 species.

The diversity of 10 cultural characteristics of 44 isolates has been evaluated. The isolates were obtained from 5 different cultivars in the gardens of three the Krasnodar Territory districts (Gulkevichsky, Tuapsinsky and Dinskoy), which located in two agroclimatic zones. The analysis revealed a wide variability of isolates by culture characteristics. Isolates having the most common features for their cluster have been described as morphotypes. Assessment of morphotype distribution revealed a reliable effect of the agroecological factor on the morphotypic composition of the postharvest disease’s apple fruits complex. For further in-depth study of the diseases pathological complex structure and its dependence on the agroecological factor, gene or species identification of pathogens is necessary

Damage to the grain of rice "black spot" reduces the profitability of rice cultivation, even with minimal intensity of damage. During the grain filling period, damage to the grains occurs due to the development of fungal and bacterial mycroflora and the bites of insect pests. "Black spotting of rice" has been identified and is found in the northern part of Japan, the USA, Cuba, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, it is characterized by blackening of grain films, the appearance of dark spots. As a rule, spotting appears on the top of the grain, sometimes in its middle part and less often at the bottom. Pathological changes occur in the aleurone layer and the surface part of the endosperm. The affected tissues die off and turn brown. In recent years, there has been a sharp decrease in damage to rice grains by "black spot", but the feasibility of annual large-scale monitoring of the intensity of damage to grains and the control of insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts on rice crops in rice farms is still relevant. As a result of the research, it was revealed that in 2020, rice crops were most severely affected by “black spotting” in Krasnoarmeisky (ESOS Krasnaya) and Abinsk (LLC KH Pugacha S.G.) districts. Rice crops in the Krasnoarmeisky RPZ (Krasnoarmeisky district) and the control plant of the Federal Scientific Center for Rice (Krasnodar) were not affected by black spot. In 2021, the situation as a whole in the districts worsened.