The results of studying the species composition of pests and pathogens on fruit crops in three agro-climatic regions of the Crimea are presented. 35-40 species of phytophages have been identified in industrial plantings, of which 16 are dominant in number and harmfulness. On an apple tree there is an apple moth (Cydia pomonella L.), 5 species of aphids and 2 species of mites; on a pear ‒ a pear leaf moth (Psylla pyri L.); on a plum ‒ a plum moth (Grapholitha funebrana Fr.); and a plum pollinated aphid (Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr.). 11 pathogens of diseases were identified in apple orchards; 6 in plum orchards. The species composition of diseases differed depending on the study region, and the degree of disease development depends on the weather conditions of the growing season and the protection system. In the most severe degree, the diseases manifested themselves after abundant precipitation. The density of phytophagous populations and the harmfulness of pathogens are controlled by the use of pesticides.

The article reveals the essence and socio-economic significance of one of the most important branches of agriculture – horticulture. The purpose of this study is to summarize the main theoretical approaches to the definition of industrial gardening and highlight its main characteristics, identify key trends that determine the future of this industry. The methodology of the work is based on the use of research by domestic scientists in the field of horticulture. The necessity of conducting the industry on an industrial basis is shown, which determines the necessity of using modern agricultural technologies, equipment and methods of production organization. The historical aspects of the development of industrial horticulture in Russia are revealed, the enlarged stages of the formation of this industry in our country are highlighted. The terminological analysis of the definition of "industrial gardening" is carried out. The key components of industrial gardening are presented: technical and technological, economic, environmental. The results of the article can be used to expand other studies on this problem.

The characteristic of the karyotype is an integral part of the description of the species. Cytogenetically, most species of the genus Iris have been studied mainly at the level of chromosome numbers, with a mark of distribution areas. The aim of the work was to assess the information content of karyological criteria for identifying phylogenetic relationships and compliance with the most relevant modern classification systems of the genus Iris using the example of a complex of species introduced at the collection site of the South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the studied species, the following numbers of chromosomes in the somatic tissue were confirmed: I. lactea – 2n=40, I. carthaliniae – 2n=44. The chromosome numbers have been clarified for I. pseudacorus – 2n=34, I. graminea – 2n=34, I. sanguinea – 2n=28, I. spuria – 2n=44, I. setosa – 2n=34, I. halophila – 2n=44, I. pumila – 2n=30, I. sibirica – 2n=28. Differences between species in terms of size and ratio of chromosome morphotypes were revealed. It has been established that closely related species have the same ploidy and similar total length of chromosomes. The ratios of chromosome morphotypes in the chromosome set do not show correspondence with modern classification schemes of the genus.

In the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, the most promising rootstocks of garden roses from the Caninae Crep. section when growing for the purpose of obtaining seeds, the systems of shoots are often damaged as a result of wintering. Creation of seed plantations of selected winter-hardy forms of Rosa canina L. and Rosa glauca Pourr. allows to solve the problem of obtaining seeds of local reproduction and further cultivation of rootstock seedlings. The article presents the results of the study of seasonal development, ontogenetic stages, seed productivity. As a result of long-term selection of the most winter-hardy forms of R. canina from seeds of local reproduction, for the first time in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, introduced populations were created that allow obtaining their own rootstock. The average population number of seeds performed in hypanthia R. canina varied at 4-6 years of age from 22.55±1.05 to 26.62±1.12 pcs. According to the X-ray examination, most of the seeds belong to the V-VI embryo classes. In immature plants used for grafting, the length of the grafting zone was 35.10 ± 0.81 mm, and its diameter was 13.10± 0.52 mm.

Garden chrysanthemum is a well-known and widespread flower culture. The investigated cultivars of the Netherlandish breeding Kiko and Ziveno are highly decorative and promising. Their vegetative propagation by cuttings is ineffective, which requires the use of modern biotechnological methods of mass propagation. The ways of in vitro morphogenesis of two cultivars of chrysanthemum have been studied. The optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine and 6-furfurylaminopurine in the MS culture medium were determined, which made it possible to obtain normally developed adventitious microshoots. A high frequency of adventitious shoot formation on the medium with 1.0 mg/l 6-BAP was noted. The number of adventitious shoots was 4.9 ± 0.53 and 2.70 ± 0.37 per explant after 30 days of cultivation in the cultivars Kiko and Ziveno, respectively. The optimal importance of light intensity, light quality and temperature during in vitro cultivation have been established. A different morphogenetic response of the studied cultivars to the growing conditions is shown. The culture medium for in vitro rhizogenesis of two cultivars of garden chrysanthemum has been optimized. It was found that the best rooting of microshoots occurred on ½ MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l indolyl-3-acetic acid or 0.5 mg/l α-naphthylacetic acid. Rooted plants are adapted in ex vitro conditions.

Cultivars of the garden group of miniature roses have wide possibilities for use in landscaping. In Russia, their breeding is carried out only in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Center. The morphological and reproductive characteristics of 24 cultivars new to the collection of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens were studied. It has been established that the collection contains cultivars with a significant variety of characteristics. As a result of the study, 7 cultivars with the most pronounced xeromorphic characteristics (more stomata on the abaxial epidermis) were identified. Cultivars that are promising for use as parent forms when creating new cultivars by hybridization have also been identified. Seven cultivars with a high number of normally formed pollen grains and low heterogeneity in shape of pollen grains are recommended as paternal parent forms. 16 cultivars are recommended as maternal parent forms that set fruit during self-pollination.

Data on the growth and survival of 84 poplar clones for six morphological and systematic groups (MSG) at the age of 20 on the populetum of the Semiluky district in the Voronezh region are presented. The tests included 11 white, 41 black, 13 balsamic poplar clones and 19 intersectional hybrids. The area of the populetum is 4.6 hectares; the placement of plants is 4×5 m. Planting is carried out by stem cuttings. The soil is ordinary chernozem. The experiment is laid down in 4 repetitions. Data on growth are given on the basis of tree measurements of heights and diameters of trunks. Wood stocks are calculated taking into account the actual survival of plants. A total of 2,016 plants were planted, 61% were survived by the age of 20. The assortment of promising poplar clones for the Central Chernozem region was proposed.

The paper presents data on the outbreak of the black-breasted sawfly Phymatocera aterrima Klug in 2021-2022 on the territory of the Peter the Great Botanical Garden. The phenology of the sawfly is considered, measures to combat the pest are proposed. The most damaged species is Polygonatum Tourn. ex Mill. Vulnerable phases of the pest were identified and biological preparations against this pest were recommended. Biological preparations with different active substances were used in the experiment. A drug based on entomopathogenic nematodes was used (genus Steinernema, family Steinernematidae, species Steinernema feltiae, strain SRP18-91). Empirically, it was found that the greatest efficiency is achieved with a double spill with a suspension of the drug. The peculiarity of the action of biological products in their slow action. The maximum efficiency is observed on the seventh day, the result is comparable to the use of systemic insecticides.

The results of a mycological study of woody plants on the Black Sea coast of Russia and Abkhazia with molecular genetic verification of species are presented. Fungi with different life strategies have been identified - from endophytes and opportunistic pathogens to highly aggressive pathogenic forms capable of causing mass foci of the disease. The most dangerous phytopathogens are Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) P. Karst. and Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not with a long endophytic phase, as well as Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr and Gnomoniopsis spp. In cypress plantations, the most dangerous phytopathogen Seiridium cardinale (W.W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I.A.S. Gibson was not detected in the presence of a similar symptom complex. Species of the genus Pestalotiopsis with an unclear mechanism of interaction with the host plant were found, which leaves open the question of the main causative agent of Cupressus disease in the study area.

The article presents the results of studying the age and ontogenetic structure of the high-mountain cenopopulation of the rare tree species Juniperus polycarpos C. Koch. The calendar age is determined by the index obtained as the ratio of the number of growth rings to the radial growth of the trunk, the age conditions are estimated by the biomorphological structure of the crown, the index of biometric indicators of the crown, vitality, infestation, the level of seed production and the quality characteristics of shoots and leaves (needle or scaly needles, color needles, delicacy or sparseness of the crown). The calendar age of individuals in the cenopopulation reaches 364 years, with a maximum of individuals (44.1%) under the age of 50 years. The ontogenetic spectrum of the cenopopulation is normal full-membered with a predominance of individuals of generative (60%) age conditions. The distribution of individuals by absolute ages and age condition has shifted spectra, which indicates a large number of young individuals in the population, as well as an early entry of individuals into the generative phase.

Alyssum gmelinii Jord. is a protected species in the Belgorod, Moscow and Ulyanovsk regions of the Russian Federation and some European countries. The purpose of the work is to study the biometric parameters of plants Alyssum gmelinii of the first - third years of vegetation from the biocollection of the Botanical Garden of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, depending on the phenological phases. The length of the shoot of the first order and side shoots, the area of the leaf blade, the number of buds, flowers and fruits were studied. The coefficients of determination by phenological phases were calculated: between the length of shoots of the first order and the number of side shoots, between the number of buds, flowers and fruits. The release of seeds from the fruit heap was calculated according to the years of vegetation and the weight of 1000 seeds. The period of passage and length of phenological phases, the release of seeds from the fruit heap by years were compared. The patterns obtained can be used for cultivation and reintroduction in regions where the species requires protection.

A cartographic model of the spatial organization of the vegetation of the forest belt has been created for the key area placed in the Nikitsky mountain ridge in the south-western part of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains. The legend of the map includes 10 categories of forest communities at the ranks of associations and subassociations of the Braun-Blanquet system. All categories are grouped into three classes: Erico-Pinetea Horvat 1959, Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae Jakucs ex Passarge 1968, Quercetea pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et Passarge 1959. The ecological regularities of vegetation formation in connection with the factors of heat, moisture and the bedrocks represented in the cartographic model were revealed based on the results of the analysis of the distribution of releves along the main axes of the DCA ordination. Eleven ecological-physiognomic types of forest vegetation were identified after the high-resolution satellite image (Resource 4) analysis performed. The final cartographic model is based on the phytochores received with the use of the topographic pattern for the key area.

The research was carried out in plantations of Pinus brutia var. pityusa (Steven) Silba, common in the eastern and western parts of the Crimean Mountains. In the western part of the distribution, at Cape Aya, P. brutia var. pityusa is still steadily forming a forest massif, correspondingly homogeneous in composition. In the latter, a meeting of the state of P. brutia var. pityusa stands was held three times. As a result, it is planned to analyze the effectiveness of reproduction processes, assess seed productivity and biometric characteristics of the reproductive organs of P. brutia var. pityusa. In the course of research, it was found that the reproductive potential of P. brutia var. pityusa does not have the possibility of natural reproduction of its natural population in the Crimean Mountains. In the western part of P. brutia var. pityusa plantations in the Crimean Mountains, the size of the seed wings is closer to the eastern ones. A decrease in the size of seed wings in the eastern parts of P. brutia var. pityusa plantations in the Crimean Mountains.

Study of the influence of environmental factors during the active vegetation period of Arbutus andrachne L. the intensity of visible photosynthesis and transpiration allowed us to determine a number of parameters that make it possible to build a mathematical model expressed in the form of step-by-step regression analysis. The data obtained allows us to give a more complete picture of the adaptation of the species to the habitat and predict behavior in conditions of climatic changes. The chosen model is based on three performance indicators – the coefficient of determination (R²), the root of the root mean square error (RMSE) and the sum of squared errors (SSE). The equations have sufficiently high coefficients of determination (for Pn – R² = 0.9692), small values for RMSE and SSE, and the significance level of the Student's criterion does not exceed 0.05. The proportion of variance of the dependent variable explained by the applied model is 97%. The calculated correlation coefficients between the dependent (Pn) and independent variables show that the closest positive correlations exist between the dependent variables and illumination (R = 0.8060), air temperature (R = 0.8073), soil temperature (R = 0.3293), soil moisture (R = 0.30051) and air humidity deficiency (R = 0.6647), and there is a negative relationship between the humidity of the air. The practical output of the developed model with appropriate quantitative characteristics is that it becomes possible to predict the ecological state of a certain region.

The article is devoted to the diversity of vegetation on the border of the eastern spurs of the Kuznetsk Alatau and the western part of the South-Minusinsk basin on the example of the Pistag ridge. As a result of the classification, 4 classes, 6 unions and 11 associations of plant communities were identified. Using DCA-ordination, environmental factors were determined: climatic (average temperature of July and January and precipitation) and topographic (exposure, absolute height, slope steepness, rock occurrence). Based on the analysis of factors and field data, the spatial organization of plant communities is described, as well as the place occupied by communities with cryophyte species in the vegetation cover of the area.

Juniperus L. is the largest genus in the cypress family and includes 76 species. Natural populations of 5 species of junipers are widespread on the territory of the Crimea. J. deltoides is a relict species of the Tertiary period, included in the Red Book of the Crimea and the Red Book of the city of Sevastopol in the status of a declining species. It is the development of the generative sphere that largely determines the stability of plant populations. To study the biomorphological features of cone berries and seeds of J. deltoides, 17 sample plots were planted. In the course of the research, it was revealed that J. deltoides cone berries in the Crimea have a significant number of morphological variants. Their coloration is from brown-red to brown with a bluish bloom that manifests itself in varying degrees. In addition, heterogeneity of fusion of covering scales was noted, which form cones of various shapes from spherical to almost triangular. It has been established that the development of the generative sphere of J. deltoides is largely influenced by the anthropogenic load of the growing area and the amount of precipitation in the period from March to August. The size of the pine cones of the Crimean population of Juniperus deltoides R.P. Adams is smaller than in the main part of the species' range (the northern border of the range passes in the Crimea).The mass of J. deltoides cones varies quite widely from 130 g to 374.7 g. In cones, from 1 to 4 seeds are formed, while the vast majority of cones contain 3 seeds. The maximum number of seeds was noted in the sample plots with southern, southeastern, and eastern exposures. Seed parameters vary insignificantly in the range from 4.4 mm to 6.0 mm (in height); from 2.3 mm to 3.2 mm (in width) and from 2.3 mm to 2.9 mm (in thickness). The mass of seeds varies quite widely from 15.9 g to 26.9 g. The relationship between the size of cone berries and the size of the seeds contained in them was determined. Correlation coefficients between indicators range from 0.45 to 0.80. An inverse relationship between the size of the seeds and their number in the cone berry was noted.

The results of the analysis of the development of anthers and male gametophyte of staminate flowers of Quercus pubescens Willd. (Fagaceae) are presented. The premeiotic period of the genesis of Q. pubescens anthers occurs inside the bud state. The wall of formed microsporangium is formed the epidermis, endothecium, two rows of cells of the middle layer and tapetum. Tapetum is a secretory type. It cells are binucleated. The sporogenic tissue is formed by 3–4 rows of cells. Cases of cytomixis have been identified between microsporocytes. The meiotic period of anther development was observed in the III decade of March – I decade of April. Microsporogenesis in Q. pubescens proceeds according to a simultaneous type. Microspores in tetrads have different spatial arrangement (tetrahedral, isobilateral, cruciform and linear). The transition to the postmeiotic period associated with the maturation of the gametophyte took place starting from the second decade of April. The wall of a mature microsporangium is formed by epidermis covered with a cuticle and an endothecium. The cells of endothecium are with fibrous thickenings of the cell walls. Pollen grains of Q. pubescens are bicellular, spherical in shape with three apertures. Morphologically normal pollen grains predominate in the average pollen samples. Their proportion varies from the altitude level of growth and the form of flowering. It was found that increasing the height decreases the proportion of morphologically normal pollen grains, with an increase in the percentage of abnormal pollen. The proportion of sterile pollen grains is in the range of 3–6%. The late-flowering form оf Q. pubescens, which blooms at the end of the first decade of May, has a higher fertility potential of pollen grains compared to the early-flowering form. The article discusses the risks of reducing the generative potential of the male generative sphere.

The food demand from 2005 to 2050, when the world's population is going to reach 10 billion people, will increase by 50%. One of the agricultural crops that provide the population with the necessary products is millet. The purpose of the article is to assess the prospects for the millet development in our country based on the analysis of existing trends and to identify potential segments for improving the production and processing of this crop. The authors analyzed global and domestic trends in millet production, identified the factors that caused the transformation of this crop into a "niche" (low marginality of millet, and innovative component of breeding programs, lack of processing enterprises, imperfection of economic relations between agricultural producers and processing enterprises, low efficiency and minimization of extra-budgetary funding, etc.). The authors note there are factors contributing to the increase in millet production in the country: the growth of the world's population, the demand increase by the millet countries-importers from Russia, the diversification of production at agricultural and processing enterprises, efficient breeding programs to develop new cultivars of crops, including millet, the demand for environmentally friendly products in the world and in the country, raising awareness of the population in healthy nutrition, increasing demand for fiber-rich foods, etc. The directions contributing to the increase in millet production in the country for the future are outlined: acceleration of breeding progress in new millet cultivars commercialization, development of modern technologies for millet cultivation, progress reaching of modern technologies for millet processing and production of innovative, in-demand food products, consolidation of efforts to boost demand for healthy food products, improvement of economic relations in the supply chain, and price relationships.

The results of studies of the content of photosynthetic pigments, as well as their ratio in the leaves of Ficus species and cultivars under conditions of controlled dehydration, are presented. The participation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in defense reactions under hydrothermal stress has been shown: in drought-resistant genotypes, with an increase in the level of water deficit under conditions of various combinations of temperature and air humidity, the content of pigments increases, decreasing after the removal of stress. It has been established that resistant genotypes at different stages of the experiment differ in a constant ratio of photosynthetic pigments. It is possible to use this indicator as a biochemical parameter of drought resistance of Ficus genotypes under hydrothermal stress.

The results of the studies of the effect of conditions simulating the pressure of dry hot-windy weather on water-retaining forces, the state of cell membranes and the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus in leaves of different generations in 3 evergreen Cotoneaster species are presented. It was found that the photosynthetic apparatus resistance to hot winds decreased in the following order: C. glaucophyllus var. serotinus - C. salicifolia - C. franchetii. In C. glaucophyllus var. serotinus and C. salicifolius, the water deficit was low and relatively stable, and its sublethal level was the moisture loss of 12%. The species C. franchetii was characterized by a low water-retaining capacity of leaves combined with an insufficient reparation capacity after critical dehydration. It was found that, regardless of the experiment conditions, the electrolyte yield in the one year leaves was less than in the leaves of the current generation, which is due to the low resistance of young leaves to water deficiency. The integrity of cell membranes in young leaf depended on the leaf formation stage. The highest sensitivity to the hydrothermal stresspressure was demonstrated by the leaf cell membranes in C. glaucophyllus var. serotinus.

The aim of this study is to determine the composition and content of macro and microelements in the leaves of Quercus rubra (L.), harvested in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The analyzed plant material – red oak leaves of Quercus rubra, harvested during the summer vegetation phase in the forest zone in the Mashuksky forestry in the vicinity of the village Inozemtsevo. Dried samples of raw materials were crushed to a particle size passing through a sieve with openings of two millimeters. The samples were calcined in an electric muffle furnace with a PRO MEP 1150-52 thermocouple at 450°C for two hours. The analysis was carried out on the basis of JSC "North Caucasian PGO" in the Central Testing Laboratory for determining the mineral composition by evaporation using a DFS-8-1 device. Analyzing the results, we adhered to the classification of V.I. Vernadsky. The presence of fifteen elements was found in the raw material samples of red oak leaves. The absence of heavy metals was established: lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, strontium, tin. The presence of macroelements was determined: calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium; trace elements: manganese, iron, copper, zinc, chromium, molybdenum; ultramicroelements: silicon, vanadium, phosphorus, silver, titanium. The concentration level is dominated by calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium. The absence of heavy metals in the analyzed samples indicates the ecological purity of raw materials and indicates that the species Quercus rubra does not concentrate them.